(a) When a sudden contraction is introduced in a horizontal pipeline…

Question

(a) When a sudden contraction is introduced in a horizontal pipeline from $50\text{ cm}$ dia to $25\text{ cm}$ dia, the pressure changes from $105\text{ kPa}$ to $69\text{ kPa}$. If coefficient of contraction is assumed to be $0.65$, calculate the water flow rate.

The contraction is subsequently followed by a sudden enlargement from $25\text{ cm}$ dia to $50\text{ cm}$ dia. If the pressure at the $25\text{ cm}$ section is $69\text{ kPa}$, work out the pressure at the $50\text{ cm}$ enlarged section. Take specific weight of water as $10\text{ kN/m}^3$.

(b) Write a note on Distorted models and their uses.

(c) Obtain an expression for resistance ratio for a model satisfying Froude's law.

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